Three bank mergers are anticipated early this year as lenders scramble to comply with the Central Bank of Nigeria’s new minimum capital requirements before the 31 March 2026 recapitalisation deadline.

This projection was made by the rating firm, DataPro, in its 2026 Banking Sector Prospects in Nigeria, as it also highlighted some of the threats to the sector.

By the end of 2025, most tier-1 institutions had already met the new capital threshold, and more have announced that they have met the target MCR in this New Year, leaving smaller banks under mounting regulatory and market pressure to shore up their balance sheets.

Analysing the banking sector prospects for 2026, DataPro’s in-house expert and analyst on Enterprise Risk Management, Idris Shittu, posited, “By the end of 2025, major banks will have successfully met the minimum capital threshold required by the Central Bank of Nigeria. Meanwhile, Tier-2 banks are under increasing pressure to comply, with three significant mergers expected by early 2026 as institutions scramble to meet the 31 March recapitalisation deadline.

“This regulatory push has spurred an active M&A environment, but it brings with it considerable risks. Post-merger integration challenges, including IT system harmonisation, cultural alignment, and the migration of Non-Performing Loans, could strain newly merged entities, especially among smaller banks. The looming deadline has also sparked ‘War Room’ discussions focused on deal execution and risk mitigation.”

Shittu maintained that the sector will be facing triple threats in the New Year, which demand agility and operational resilience from banks across the country. These threats include regulatory tightening, as a high Cash Reserve Ratio continues to restrict liquidity. Capital pressure as the recapitalisation deadline drives consolidation but also heightens risks around merger execution and integration and technological disruption from rapid fintech innovation, which would demand urgent modernisation and digital transformation from traditional banks to stay competitive.

The ERM expert anticipates that banks would continue to prioritise fee-based income streams over traditional lending activities to deal with the 45 per cent Cash Reserve Ratio for commercial banks. This CRR effectively sterilises nearly half of the naira deposits and severely limits liquidity.

On the disruption brought on by the agile fintechs, Shittu said, “Technology continues to reshape Nigeria’s banking sector, with fintech innovators like Moniepoint and Opay aggressively capturing market share, particularly among SMEs and retail customers. In response, 2026 is poised to become the year Nigerian banks evolve beyond traditional banking to compete as lifestyle ‘super-apps’.

“These super-apps aim to integrate services such as flight bookings, food delivery, and other daily conveniences directly into banking platforms to enhance customer retention and engagement. However, traditional banks face an agility challenge due to slow IT procurement cycles and legacy core systems, risking a continued exodus of younger users to nimbler fintech rivals. To keep pace, banks are expected to innovate rapidly, either through strategic fintech acquisitions or by spinning off autonomous digital subsidiaries capable of operating with fintech speed and flexibility.”

On the outlook for the sector in 2026, Shittu projects a decline in the number of banks in the country, saying, “By the end of 2026, the Nigerian banking industry is expected to consolidate significantly, shrinking in number. While this consolidation promises a more resilient banking system capable of underwriting larger transactions and supporting Nigeria’s ambition toward a $1tn economy, integration risks loom large.

“Past consolidation efforts, such as those in 2005, highlight the potential pitfalls of IT system failures and cultural clashes. Particularly challenging is the merger of conservative Tier-1 banks with aggressive Tier-2 acquirers, which could cause decision-making gridlock and operational disruptions.”

The expert warned that success in the consolidation phase will depend heavily on effective due diligence around asset quality and cultural fit, as well as robust post-merger integration planning.

PwC, which listed the finance sector as one of the sectors to drive growth in 2026 in its Nigeria Economic Outlook – January 2026, holds a more optimistic view of the sector.

PwC said, “Regulatory initiatives such as bank recapitalisation mandates and evolving frameworks for fintech and digital financial services are further drawing institutional interest, while secondary listings by major banks on international exchanges demonstrate growing cross-border investor engagement and confidence.

“In 2026, strong demand for modern financial products, credit expansion, and advanced risk management solutions, combined with projected capital market growth to N262tn, driven by anticipated listings of Dangote Refinery and NNPC, will deepen liquidity, attract new investors, and sustain interest across banking, fintech, and insurance.”

On the tech front, PwC added, “In 2025, banks and fintechs accelerated AI and blockchain adoption to personalise services, automate risk management, and enhance fraud detection, while major lenders deployed AI chatbots and advanced analytics to streamline operations. The insurance sector embraced insurtech, with the National Insurance Commission and fintechs collaborating on digital platforms to boost product innovation and access.

The Nigerian Exchange Limited opened the new trading week on a positive note on Monday as strong buying interest across key stocks lifted total market capitalisation by N745bn, reflecting improved investor sentiment in the equities market.

At the close of trading, the equities market capitalisation rose to N104.52tn from N103.78tn recorded at the previous session, while the All-Share Index advanced by 946.61 points, or 0.58 per cent, to close at 163,244.69 points from 162,298.08 points.

Market activity also improved markedly. A total of 1.15bn shares valued at N19.21bn were traded in 59,326 deals, representing an increase of 84 per cent in volume, a four per cent rise in turnover and a 35 per cent improvement in the number of deals compared with the preceding trading day.

Trading was broadly positive, with 128 listed equities participating in the session. Forty-nine stocks closed higher, while twenty equities ended the day lower, underscoring a bullish undertone in the market.

On the gainers’ table, E-Tranzact International topped the list after its share price appreciated by 10 per cent to close at N16.50. Red Star Express also gained 10 per cent to settle at N11.55, while McNichols rose by 10 per cent to close at N6.05. UPDC advanced by 10 per cent to N5.50, RT Briscoe added 10 per cent to close at N3.96, and Deap Capital Management and Trust appreciated by 10 per cent to end the session at N3.30 per share.

Conversely, trading closed on a weaker note for some stocks, led by Champion Breweries, which recorded the highest decline, shedding 8.51 per cent to close at N15.05 per share. Eunisell Interlinked followed with a loss of 8.01 per cent to close at N156.20, while Ikeja Hotel declined by eight per cent to settle at N36.80. Guinea Insurance dropped by 7.30 per cent to N1.27, Omatek Ventures fell by 3.12 per cent to close at N1.24, and Lasaco Assurance declined by 2.99 per cent to end the session at N2.60 per share.

In terms of trading activity, Sovereign Trust Insurance recorded the highest volume of shares traded, with over 307m units exchanging hands. Fidelity Bank followed with approximately 158 million shares, while Linkage Assurance and Mutual Benefits Assurance also featured prominently among the most actively traded stocks.

By value, Fidelity Bank led transactions with shares worth N3.14bn traded during the session. Aradel Holdings, Zenith Bank, Eunisell Interlinked and Sovereign Trust Insurance also recorded significant value turnover, contributing to overall market liquidity.

Analysts attributed the market’s positive performance to renewed bargain hunting in select stocks, particularly in the banking and insurance sectors, as well as improved confidence following recent gains in market capitalisation above the N100tn mark.

They noted that sustained buying interest, supported by expectations of full-year corporate earnings and portfolio rebalancing by investors, could help maintain the upward momentum in the near term, although intermittent profit-taking is likely to remain.

The NGX’s strong start to the week reinforces its position as one of the best-performing markets in the region, with market capitalisation firmly above N104tn, signalling continued resilience in Nigeria’s equities market despite prevailing macroeconomic challenges.

Electricity distribution companies across the country billed customers a total of N255.19bn for power supplied in October 2025, but collected N210.92bn, leading to combined losses from unbilled energy and unpaid bills that continue to strain the liquidity of the power sector.

This is according to the latest commercial performance factsheet released by the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission.

The NERC report showed that the 11 DisCos received electricity worth N303.85bn from the national grid in October, representing an 8.73 per cent increase over September. However, they were unable to fully convert the energy received into billable revenue, as the value of energy billed declined by 5.65 per cent to N255.19bn.

This left a gap of N48.66bn attributable to electricity supplied but not billed to customers during the month. As a result, industry-wide billing efficiency dropped to 83.99 per cent, a 2.45 percentage-point decline from September, meaning that more than 16 per cent of power delivered to DisCos was never captured in customer bills.

Despite the setback in billing, revenue collection performance improved. Total collections rose by 7.48 per cent month-on-month to N210.92bn, lifting collection efficiency to 82.66 per cent, up 1.40 percentage points from September. NERC explained that instances where collection efficiency exceeded 100 per cent in some DisCos were largely due to the recovery of outstanding debts from previous months.

However, even with the improvement in collections, the sector continued to record significant shortfalls.

Of the N255.19bn billed in October, DisCos failed to collect N44.27bn, compounding the losses from unbilled energy. Taken together, the weaknesses in billing and collection translated into a recovery efficiency of 82.49 per cent, reflecting the proportion of allowed revenue that was actually realised by operators.

The commission’s data showed that while the allowed average tariff for October stood at N116.25 per kilowatt-hour, the actual average collection dropped to about N95.85/kWh, representing a 1.23 per cent decline from September. This widening gap between regulated tariffs and realised revenue continues to fuel liquidity pressures across the electricity value chain, affecting remittances to the Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading Plc and other market participants.

A breakdown of the October figures revealed sharp contrasts in performance across the DisCos. Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company delivered the strongest overall performance during the month.

It billed N41.26bn out of N43.72bn worth of energy received, achieving a billing efficiency of 94.36 per cent. The utility collected N42.11bn, exceeding its billings and pushing collection efficiency to 102.07 per cent, while recovery efficiency climbed to 108.17 per cent.

Eko DisCo also remained among the strongest performers, despite a slight deterioration in billing. It billed N40.29bn out of N42.10bn received, posting a billing efficiency of 95.71 per cent, though this was 3.33 percentage points lower than in September. It collected N37.67bn, resulting in a collection efficiency of 93.50 per cent and a recovery efficiency of 101.65 per cent.

Abuja DisCo received electricity valued at N46.32bn in October but billed only N38.93bn, translating to a billing efficiency of 84.05 per cent, a sharp 5.75 percentage-point decline from the previous month. Despite weaker billing, it posted a relatively strong collection efficiency of 88.35 per cent, collecting N34.39bn, while recovery efficiency stood at 88.30 per cent.

Port Harcourt DisCo billed 80.32 per cent of the energy it received, slightly lower than September’s performance. However, its collection efficiency improved to 87.07 per cent, and recovery efficiency rose to 82.97 per cent, placing it among the better-performing utilities in the southern region.

In contrast, several northern DisCos continued to struggle with deep commercial inefficiencies. Jos DisCo recorded the weakest overall performance in the market. Although its billing efficiency improved marginally to 84.89 per cent, it collected only N5.26bn out of N13.50bn billed. This left collection efficiency at just 38.98 per cent, down 18.19 percentage points, while recovery efficiency fell sharply to 42.28 per cent.

Kaduna DisCo posted a notable improvement in billing efficiency, which rose by 8.69 percentage points to 84.62 per cent. However, collections remained weak at 43.03 per cent, and recovery efficiency stood at 43.70 per cent, highlighting persistent commercial challenges.

Enugu DisCo recorded a deterioration in billing performance. Out of N26.11bn worth of energy received, it billed N20.95bn, resulting in a billing efficiency of 80.23 per cent, down 4.23 percentage points. Collection efficiency improved to 80.74 per cent, although recovery efficiency slipped to 77.67 per cent.

Ibadan DisCo showed one of the strongest improvements in collections. While billing efficiency declined slightly to 73.51 per cent, collection efficiency surged by 10.10 percentage points to 84.49 per cent, with N22.56bn collected. Recovery efficiency rose significantly to 74.16 per cent.

Benin, Yola, and Kano DisCos also remained in the amber zone for recovery performance. Benin DisCo billed only N19.84bn out of N30.38bn received, leaving billing efficiency at 65.32 per cent.

Its collection efficiency fell to 83.72 per cent, while recovery efficiency dropped to 65.16 per cent. Kano DisCo achieved one of the highest billing efficiencies at 98.05 per cent but collected just 58.67 per cent of its billings, with recovery efficiency at 68.65 per cent. Yola DisCo recorded billing efficiency of 66.03 per cent and a collection efficiency of 69.35 per cent, leaving overall performance fragile.

The October performance comes amid ongoing regulatory and structural reforms aimed at improving the financial sustainability of Nigeria’s power sector. NERC has repeatedly stressed the need for improved metering, reduction in energy theft, and stricter enforcement of commercial performance benchmarks.

Despite recent tariff adjustments and reforms under the amended Electricity Act, the latest data suggest that unresolved challenges in energy accounting, customer enumeration, and revenue protection continue to drain billions of naira monthly from the sector, raising concerns about the sustainability of ongoing reforms and the stability of the electricity market.

The price war in the petroleum sector has continued to deepen as some retail outlets have dropped the prices of Premium Motor Spirit (petrol) below the N739 per litre recommended by the Dangote Petroleum Refinery.

The  Dangote refinery slashed petrol pump prices from about N900 to N739 in December, many importers and depot owners have lamented mounting losses. To remain competitive, many operators were forced to sell petrol at rates below their costs.

During a survey over the weekend, our correspondent observed that some filling stations now sell PMS cheaper than MRS Oil, the main partner endorsed by the Dangote refinery to champion the price reduction to N739 per litre.

As of Sunday, NIPCO sold PMS at N738 per litre, SAO filling stations sold it at N735, while Akiavic offered the product at N737. An AP filling station beside an MRS outlet in Mowe, Ogun State, dropped its price to N736 per litre.

It was gathered that filling stations located in the same areas now closely monitor rivals’ pump prices to avoid being undercut in the highly competitive market. Our correspondent reports that motorists troop to stations offering the lowest prices, leaving outlets selling at higher rates struggling for customers.

According to the Major Energies Marketers Association of Nigeria, the landing cost of petrol averaged N762.38 per litre, while Dangote’s ex-gantry price remained N699. But even with the difference, importers still adjusted prices to compete with the Dangote-backed MRS.

It was reported earlier that both Dangote and importers were counting losses running into billions of naira.

Operators who spoke with our correspondent said the decision to lower pump prices had nothing to do with whether imported petrol was cheaper or not. According to them, players across the market were simply striving not to be left behind.

“This is not a function of whether imports are better or not, but simply a market strategy to get a good share of the market. However, it needs to be stressed that we are not at war with any marketer or depot operator nor any refinery,” an operator, who spoke in confidence due to the stiff competition in the downstream, told The PUNCH.

On December 12, the Dangote refinery surprised depot owners and marketers when it slashed the gantry price of petrol by N129, from N828 to N699 per litre.

A few days later, the President of the Dangote Group, Aliko Dangote, said he had information that some marketers planned to keep pump prices high despite the reduction. Consequently, Dangote vowed to enforce the new pricing regime, with MRS selling petrol at N739 per litre.

“We are going to use whatever resources we have to make sure that we crash the price down. For December and January, we don’t want people to sell petrol for more than N740 nationwide. Those who want to keep the price high to sabotage the government, we will fight as much as we can to make sure that these prices are down. If you have money to come and buy, you can pick up petrol at N699,” Dangote said.

The PUNCH earlier reported that as more MRS filling stations in Lagos and Ogun states began dispensing Dangote refinery petrol at N739 per litre, motorists started boycotting outlets selling at higher prices. This led to fuel queues at MRS filling stations in Lagos and other locations.

However, the tide is gradually turning as some filling stations now sell petrol at prices lower than those of MRS.

The spokesperson for the Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria, Chinedu Ukadike, said marketers who refused to reduce prices would lose customers as bank interest charges accumulate.

“We are in a situation where competition can be determined by price. Patronage will be determined by pricing. Nobody is against you; nobody is regulating you. You will regulate yourself. The market will regulate itself. The time has gone when people were queuing at NNPC filling stations. Wherever the fuel is cheap, that is where the marketers go. So, we are in a price war. Demand and supply determine the price,” Ukadike said.

He added that once Dangote reduced the gantry price to N699, marketers would move towards competitive pricing to retain customers; “if not, interest from banks would be ‘eating’ your capital.”

Our correspondent reports that many filling stations now sell petrol below N800 per litre as the price competition lingers.

Meanwhile, in a statement over the weekend, the Dangote refinery disclosed that supply under the marketers’ arrangement began in October 2025 with an agreed offtake volume of 600 million litres of PMS. It said this was later increased to 900 million litres in November and further expanded to 1.5 billion litres in December.

“In line with market growth and absorption capacity, volumes were scaled up accordingly. Subsequently, and in line with downstream market liberalisation, we opened PMS supply to all qualified marketers, bulk consumers, and filling station operators,” the statement signed by the Group Chief Branding and Communications Officer, Anthony Chiejina, read.

The statement added that since December 16, 2025, the refinery has consistently loaded between 31 million and 48 million litres of PMS daily from its gantry, subject to market demand. These figures, the refinery noted, are verifiable against depot and loading records maintained under routine regulatory oversight.

To broaden participation and improve distribution efficiency, the refinery said it introduced several measures, including reducing minimum purchase volumes from two million litres to 250,000 litres and offering a 10-day credit facility backed by bank guarantees.

According to the refinery, the initiatives aim to enhance liquidity, support small and medium-sized operators, and reduce reliance on imported fuel. The refinery added that the expanded access framework has driven higher utilisation of locally refined PMS and contributed to more competitive retail pricing, with domestic products priced significantly lower than imported alternatives.

Addressing the surge in petrol imports recorded in November, the Dangote refinery explained that the increase coincided with import licensing decisions approved by the former leadership of the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority, “which sanctioned volumes beyond prevailing domestic demand.”

It stressed that the development was unrelated to its operational capacity or supply commitments.

The Dangote refinery reaffirmed its commitment to reliable supply, transparency and the orderly development of a competitive downstream petroleum market, pledging continued collaboration with regulators and industry stakeholders to support domestic refining, conserve foreign exchange, moderate prices, and strengthen long-term energy security.

First HoldCo Plc has announced a series of new board appointments across its non-commercial banking subsidiaries, in a move aimed at strengthening corporate governance, deepening oversight and positioning the businesses for sustainable growth.

The appointments, which received regulatory approvals from the Securities and Exchange Commission and the National Insurance Commission, are part of the Group’s broader strategy to align its subsidiaries with international best practices in governance and leadership.

According to the Group, the new board members bring a wealth of experience across banking, capital markets, insurance, asset management and consulting and are expected to support the subsidiaries in expanding their product offerings and improving service delivery.

At First Asset Management Limited, Ebikabo Williams was appointed Chairman of the Board. She brings extensive industry experience spanning banking, capital markets and consulting. Other board members appointed include Usman Dantata, Binta Gbinije and Alero Adollo, a move expected to further strengthen the company’s position in Nigeria’s asset and wealth management space.

FirstCap Limited also recorded changes at board level, with Yewande Amusan appointed Chairman.

She is a seasoned finance professional with experience across both the public and private sectors.

She will be joined on the board by Ahmed Indimi, Irene Akpofure, Adenike Kuti and Zeal Akaraiwe.

At First Securities Brokers Limited, John Akpeki was named Chairman. The firm recently ranked among the top performers in the Nigerian Exchange Limited’s brokers’ performance report in terms of trading volume and transaction value. Akpeki is expected to leverage his experience in global marketing and networking, working alongside Omolara Adeyemi, Susan Younis and Kemi Andu-Alausa.

First Trustees Limited, a long-standing subsidiary of the Group in the trust and estate management segment, also strengthened its board with the appointment of John Lee as Chairman. Lee has over four decades of experience in global financial services, specialising in corporate and institutional banking as well as wealth management across Africa. Other board members include Abiola Alabi, Adebisi Sola-Adeyemi and Ugochukwu Obi-Chukwu.

In the insurance segment, First Insurance Brokers Limited appointed Akinola Phillips as Chairman. He will work with board members Ije Onejeme, Folukemi Akinmeji and Mojisola Cardozo. The insurance brokerage marked its 25th anniversary in 2025.

Commenting on the appointments, the Group Chairman of First HoldCo Plc, Femi Otedola, said the new board members would play a critical role in the Group’s next phase of growth.

“We are delighted to welcome these distinguished professionals to the boards of our non-commercial banking subsidiaries. Their proven expertise, impeccable track records and leadership will be critical in shaping the next phase of our growth, enhancing stakeholder value and reinforcing our position as a trusted African leader delivering innovative solutions across diverse sectors,” Otedola said.

The Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) has declared a second liquidation dividend of ₦24.3 billion for depositors of Heritage Bank Limited whose account balances exceeded the statutory insured limit of ₦5 million at the time the bank was closed.

Heritage Bank’s operating licence was revoked by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) on June 3, 2024, after which the NDIC was appointed as liquidator in line with the provisions of the Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act (BOFIA) 2020 and the NDIC Act 2023.

Following its appointment, the Corporation began the payment of insured deposits of up to ₦5 million per depositor from its Deposit Insurance Fund, alongside efforts to recover debts, dispose of physical assets and realise investments of the defunct bank.

In April 2025, the NDIC declared a first liquidation dividend of ₦46.6 billion, representing 9.2 kobo per ₦1.00, which was paid on a pro-rata basis to eligible depositors with balances above the insured limit.

The newly announced second liquidation dividend of ₦24.3 billion, payable at a rate of 5.2 kobo per ₦1.00 on outstanding uninsured balances, brings the cumulative liquidation dividend to 14.4 kobo per ₦1.00.

In a statement signed by Hawwau Gambo, Head, Communication & Public Affairs Department, the NDIC said the latest payout was made possible through continued recovery of debts, sale of physical assets and realisation of investments belonging to the defunct bank, in accordance with Section 72 of the NDIC Act 2023.

Payments will be credited automatically to depositors’ alternative bank accounts already captured in NDIC records using their Bank Verification Numbers (BVN). Eligible depositors who have previously received their insured deposits and the first liquidation dividend are advised to check their accounts for confirmation.

Depositors who do not have alternative bank accounts, BVNs, or who are yet to claim their insured deposits or first liquidation dividend have been advised to visit the nearest NDIC office nationwide or submit an e-claim through the Corporation’s website for prompt processing.

The NDIC clarified that liquidation dividends are paid to depositors whose balances exceed the insured limit, using proceeds from asset sales, debt recovery and investment realisation.

Payments to other creditors and shareholders will only occur after all depositors have been fully reimbursed, subject to the availability of funds.

The Corporation assured the public that the ₦24.3 billion payment represents only the second tranche of liquidation dividends, adding that further payments will be made as more assets are realised and outstanding debts recovered.

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Nigerian banks and telecoms say they have returned more than N10bn to customers for failed airtime and data purchases, according to the Nigerian Communications Commission. However, bank customers are sceptical, questioning both the proof of the refunds and the methodology behind the calculation.

The disclosure comes as the NCC and the Central Bank of Nigeria roll out a new framework to address persistent complaints over failed transactions, which are often caused by network outages, system errors, or human mistakes.

The Director of Consumer Affairs at the NCC, Freda Bruce-Bennett, said that banks and mobile network operators have collectively refunded over N10bn to customers, pending final approval of the framework by both regulators.

“So far, pending the approval of management of both regulators on the framework, MNOs and banks have collectively made refunds of over N10bn to customers for failed transactions,” Bruce-Bennett said in a statement shared

Airtime and data purchases are typically carried out through bank channels using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data codes or through mobile banking applications. Customers initiate purchases directly from their bank accounts to telecom networks.

Once a transaction is made, the bank debits the customer’s account immediately and sends a request via shared payment platforms such as the Nigeria Inter-Bank Settlement System or through direct application programming interfaces to mobile network operators like MTN, Airtel, Glo, or T2. The telco then credits the recipient’s phone number with airtime or data if the transaction is successful.

The new framework is the outcome of several months of engagement between the two regulators and key industry stakeholders, including mobile network operators, deposit money banks, value-added service providers, and other players involved in airtime and data purchase transactions.

These engagements were prompted by a surge in complaints from subscribers who were debited for airtime or data purchases but did not receive value, with many experiencing prolonged delays before refunds were processed, if at all.

Despite the regulators’ claim, the President of the Bank Customers Association of Nigeria, Uju Ogubunka, said, “I know so many people who are still complaining. You make transactions, and you don’t get the airtime. You pay for a service, and it doesn’t come through, meaning you often have to pay again. It’s difficult to independently verify that N10bn has been refunded or on what data this figure is based.”

He added that the key point is that banks and telcos have formally agreed to refund customers, but emphasised that consumers should remain vigilant:

“Customers should be on the lookout. They need to know who is responsible for each transaction and ensure they receive their refunds. The companies must start refunding immediately and make it clear when refunds have been completed.”

The NCC–CBN framework is expected to be implemented on March 1, 2026, following final approvals and technical integration by all banks, telecom operators, and VAS providers. Once operational, the system aims to reduce failed transactions significantly and prevent prolonged disputes over customer funds.

Under the framework, the NCC and the CBN have adopted a unified regulatory position aimed at addressing both the technical and operational causes of failed airtime and data transactions. It clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of banks and telecom operators in the transaction chain and introduces an enforceable Service Level Agreement to ensure faster resolution of complaints.

Where a customer’s account is debited without successful delivery of airtime or data, whether the failure occurs at the bank’s end or with an NCC licensee, the framework entitles the customer to a refund within 30 seconds. However, in cases where a transaction remains pending, the refund may take up to 24 hours.

The framework also mandates operators to notify customers via SMS of the success or failure of every transaction. In addition, it addresses other common issues, including erroneous recharges to ported lines, incorrect airtime or data purchases, and situations where transactions are made to the wrong phone number.

Bruce-Bennett noted that failed airtime and data top-ups consistently rank among the top three consumer complaints received by the Commission.

“Failed top-ups rank among the top three consumer complaints, and in line with our commitment to addressing these priority issues, we were determined to resolve them within the shortest possible time,” she said.

She added that the framework also establishes a Central Monitoring Dashboard to be jointly hosted by the NCC and the CBN. The dashboard will allow both regulators to monitor transaction failures in real time, identify the responsible party, track refunds, and detect breaches of the agreed service levels.

The Federal Government has proposed to spend N6.04bn on personnel costs for workers of the Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited in the 2026 budget, even though the steel plant has not produced a single sheet of steel for more than four decades after it was conceived.

Details from the 2026 Appropriation Bill show that Ajaokuta was allocated a total of N6.69bn for the year, with personnel expenses alone accounting for N6.04bn, or about 90.4 per cent of the entire allocation.

This reinforces the company’s long-standing status as a non-performing public enterprise sustained almost entirely by salary payments.

The personnel cost provision covers N4.79bn for salaries and wages, N1.25bn for allowances and social contributions, including N479.42m for employer pension contributions, N239.71m for NHIS, and N59.82m for employees’ compensation insurance. Regular allowances alone were budgeted at N468.9m.

In comparison, overhead costs were limited to N233.63m, while capital expenditure stood at just N410.8m, highlighting the minimal resources directed towards reviving production or completing the long-abandoned steel complex.

A year-on-year review shows that while personnel spending remains elevated, it represents a marginal adjustment from previous years rather than a structural shift.

In the 2025 budget, the Federal Government earmarked N6.21bn for salaries at Ajaokuta, up from N4.29bn in 2024, despite the company’s continued inactivity. That 2025 allocation marked a 44.76 per cent increase, showing how recurrent spending on the firm has continued to rise independently of output.

Although the 2026 personnel figure of N6.04bn is slightly below the 2025 salary-heavy provision, it still confirms that Ajaokuta’s core budget priority remains staff remuneration rather than steel production.

Recurrent expenditure for 2026 totals N6.28bn, compared with capital spending of N410.8m, meaning less than seven per cent of the company’s allocation is devoted to assets, rehabilitation, or infrastructure.

The capital budget includes N56.4m for fixed asset purchases, such as computers, printers and security equipment, N129.2m for construction and provision of facilities, and N225.2m for rehabilitation and repairs, largely for electricity-related works and office buildings.

These provisions fall far short of what would be required to revive a heavy industrial complex designed to anchor Nigeria’s steel and manufacturing value chain. Budget documents also show that Ajaokuta will generate zero independent revenue and receive no grants, leaving the company fully dependent on federal allocations.

Despite its non-operational status, the company continues to feature in constituency-style capital projects, including solar street lighting in parts of Niger East and Kwara North, water facilities, road repairs, security lighting, and grants to market women and youths. These projects, though ongoing, are not linked to steel production or industrial output.

However, the 2026 budget also makes a separate provision for the revitalisation of Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited and the National Iron Ore Mining Company under the Federal Ministry of Steel Development.

Budget documents show that N150.99m was allocated for the revitalisation programme of ASCL and NIOMCO, classified as an ongoing project within the ministry’s capital expenditure for the year.

Also, the 2026 budget shows N1.06bn was allocated for project preparation aimed at investment mobilisation for Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited under the ministry. The amount is for feasibility studies, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, and financial modelling for Ajaokuta, signalling continued preparatory spending on revival plans even as the steel complex itself remains non-operational.

The total amount for 2026 is lower than what was budgeted in 2025, as The PUNCH earlier reported that the Ministry of Steel Development planned to spend N2.41bn on project preparation for investment mobilisation for Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited in 2025.

The ministry also budgeted N250.98m to revitalise Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited and the National Iron Ore Mining Company in the 2025 proposed budget.

Conceived in 1979 as Nigeria’s flagship industrial project, the Ajaokuta Integrated Steel Complex was designed to drive upstream and downstream industrial development, reduce steel imports, and support economic diversification.

More than 40 years later, budgetary allocations show it functions largely as a payroll institution, with successive governments funding salaries while production remains at zero.

On its website, the company claimed it employed about 3,000 people. It added, “While the project would directly employ about 10,000 staff at the first phase of commissioning, the upstream and downstream industries that will evolve all over the nation will engage not less than 500,000 employees.”

Ajaokuta Steel Plant, aptly known as the bedrock of Nigeria’s industrialisation, is more than just a rolling mill—it’s an Integrated Iron and Steel Plant. It boasts four distinct rolling mills: the Billet Mill, the Light Section Mill, the Wire Rod Mill, and the Medium Section and Structural Mill.

The plant utilises blast furnace technology, the most prevalent method of steel production, accounting for about 70 per cent of global liquid steel production. By 1994, the plant was estimated to be 98 per cent complete in terms of equipment installation.

While some units of the plant were operational at various times, 40 out of the 43 planned units had been constructed. However, due to mismanagement, the project remains incomplete over 45 years later.

At the Russia-Africa Summit in 2019, former President Muhammadu Buhari and Russian President Vladimir Putin agreed to revitalise the steel mill with Russian support and project funding from Afreximbank and the Russian Export Centre. However, it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the agreement was abandoned.

In January 2024, President Bola Tinubu began discussions with the Chinese steel company Luan Steel Holding Group to revive the Ajaokuta Steel Company. That discussion has not yielded any results so far. Despite its inactive status and reports of an ineffective workforce, the company continues to receive substantial annual budget allocations from the government.

The PUNCH earlier reported that the Federal Government paid workers of the moribund Ajaokuta Steel Company a total of N38.9bn in salaries and allowances over 10 years. A breakdown of the company’s annual budget from 2014 to 2024 showed that a total of N29.11bn was budgeted for salaries and wages, and N9.8bn for staff allowances.

Further analysis revealed that the government budgeted N3.82bn for personnel costs in 2014, which was reduced marginally to N3.8bn in 2015, N3.55bn in 2016, and N3.84bn in 2017. In 2018, an unverifiable number of workers at the company were allocated a total sum of N3.76bn for salaries and allowances, N3.2bn in 2019, and N3.5bn in 2020.

The cost increased to N3.89bn in 2021 and N3.94bn in 2022 but dropped significantly to N1.22bn in 2023.

At an investigative hearing recently, the lawmaker representing Kogi Central, Senator Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan, questioned the Sole Administrator of the Steel Company, Summaila Akaba, about several workers collecting salaries from the N4.2bn appropriated for personnel costs in the 2024 budget.

She said that, being an indigene of the area and desirous of getting the steel company revamped and operational, she made unscheduled visits to it and found only 10 people there.

The lawmaker lamented further that, despite spending on personnel costs, no steel had been manufactured and no mill had rolled.

She said, “The sum of N4.2bn was appropriated for personnel cost in 2024, but from several visits I’ve made to the complex, hardly 10 people were sighted to be around or doing anything. So, who are the workers collecting monthly salaries from the appropriated N4.2bn?”

In the 2024 budget, the National Assembly increased budgetary allocation from N4.45bn in the proposed 2024 budget to N5.18bn in the approved version for the dormant Ajaokuta Steel Company.

This is an increase of N730m as the Federal Government plans to revive the moribund steel plant, which has been dormant for over 42 years. Saturday PUNCH observed that the increase was due to the addition of community projects not related to the steel plant and outside Kogi state.

At a briefing in 2024, the Minister of Steel Development, Shuaibu Audu, stated that the government was at an advanced stage of raising more than N35bn required to restart the Light Mill Section of the Ajaokuta Steel Company.

He also said that data from technical analysis and expert evaluations indicated that the government would require between $2bn and $5bn to revive the Ajaokuta steel company within three years.

The Federal Government of Nigeria, through the Ministry of Steel Development, also signed a Memorandum of Understanding with a Russian consortium for the rehabilitation, completion, and operation of the Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited and the National Iron Ore Mining Company.

The consortium, including Messrs Tyazhpromexport, Novostal M, and Proforce Manufacturing Limited, will spearhead the project to revitalise the steel industry in Kogi State. However, experts earlier insisted that the best option was to privatise the company to effectively maximise its potential.